Technical Standards
RFCs, internationalized domain names (IDN), Punycode, RDAP, and related standards.
RDAP (بروتوكول الوصول إلى بيانات التسجيل)
Modern, structured replacement for WHOIS using JSON over HTTPS.
EPP (بروتوكول التوفير القابل للتوسع)
Protocol for registrar-registry communication to manage domains.
IDN (أسماء النطاقات الدولية)
Domain name containing non-ASCII characters from various writing systems.
Punycode
ASCII encoding for internationalized domain names (xn-- prefix).
TTL (مدة البقاء)
DNS record value specifying cache duration in seconds.
Anycast DNS
Network method routing DNS queries to the nearest of multiple servers.
DNS-over-HTTPS (DoH)
Protocol encrypting DNS queries over HTTPS for privacy.
DNS-over-TLS (DoT)
Protocol encrypting DNS queries over TLS on port 853.
ضمان البيانات
ICANN-required backup of registration data with a trusted third party.
انتشار DNS
Time for DNS changes to spread across all resolvers worldwide.
سجل DNS بالحرف البديل
DNS record using * to match all undefined subdomains.
سجل اللصق (Glue Record)
A/AAAA record in parent zone preventing circular nameserver dependencies.
RFC (طلب التعليقات)
IETF formal document defining internet protocols and standards.
IDNA (أسماء النطاقات الدولية في التطبيقات)
Technical framework governing how international characters are validated and encoded in domain names.
بروتوكول WHOIS
Plain-text domain lookup protocol on TCP port 43, being replaced by RDAP.
DNS عبر QUIC (DoQ)
DNS encryption over QUIC (UDP port 853), offering lower latency than DoH or DoT.
ECS (شبكة EDNS الفرعية للعميل)
DNS extension sharing partial client IP with authoritative servers for geolocation-based responses.
TSIG (توقيع المعاملة)
Shared-secret HMAC mechanism authenticating DNS messages between servers.
AXFR / IXFR (نقل المنطقة)
Protocol for replicating DNS zone data from primary to secondary nameservers.
NSEC / NSEC3 (إنكار الوجود في DNSSEC)
DNSSEC record types cryptographically proving a domain name does not exist.
سجل DNSKEY
DNS record holding the public key used to verify DNSSEC signatures in a zone.
سجل RRSIG
Cryptographic signature record attached to DNS record sets for DNSSEC validation.